Polonnaruwa Kingdom

The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka was a significant period in the country's history, known for its impressive architecture, engineering feats, and the reign of influential kings. Polonnaruwa served as the second capital of Sri Lanka, replacing Anuradhapura after its destruction by the Chola dynasty in 993 AD. It was ruled by Sinhalese kings and later saw periods of influence from various groups, including the Cholas and the Kalingas.

Establishment and Key Figures

Vijayabahu I:
He is credited with expelling the Chola invaders and establishing Polonnaruwa as the capital, marking the beginning of the Polonnaruwa kingdom.

Parakramabahu I:
He is arguably the most renowned king of Polonnaruwa, known for his ambitious irrigation projects, including the massive Parakrama Samudra reservoir, which transformed Sri Lanka into the "Granary of the Orient".

Nissankamalla:
He was the first Kalinga king to rule over Polonnaruwa and a successful ruler, known for his inscriptions and architectural achievements.

Architectural and Engineering Achievements

Royal Palace:
The remnants of the Royal Palace, particularly those attributed to Parakramabahu I, demonstrate the kingdom's architectural prowess.

Gal Vihara:
This rock-cut temple houses magnificent Buddha statues, particularly the reclining Buddha, showcasing the artistic skills of the period.

Parakrama Samudra:
This massive reservoir, a testament to the kingdom's engineering capabilities, provided a reliable water source for agriculture and irrigation, contributing to the kingdom's prosperity.

Other Structures:
Polonnaruwa also features numerous other religious monuments, palaces, and courtyards, reflecting a well-planned and vibrant city.

Cultural and Political Significance

Religious Center:
Polonnaruwa was a significant center of Buddhist culture, with numerous temples and monasteries.

Political Influence:
The kingdom's rulers exerted influence over parts of South India, including the Pandya country, during periods of conflict.

Decline:
After Nissankamalla's death, the kingdom weakened, with a succession of ineffective rulers leading to internal strife and external pressures, eventually leading to its decline.